Panels on Grafana Labs

Add a panel

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Add a panel

Panels allow you to show your data in visual form. This topic walks you through the most basic steps to build a panel.

1. Add a panel to a dashboard

Navigate to the dashboard you want to add a panel to.
Click the Add panel icon.
Click Add new panel.

Grafana creates an empty graph panel with your default data source selected.

2. Edit panel settings

While not required, we recommend that you add a helpful title and description to your panel. You can use variables you have defined in either field, but not global variables.

Panel title - Text entered in this field is displayed at the top of your panel in the panel editor and in the dashboard.

Description - Text entered in this field is displayed in a tooltip in the upper left corner of the panel. Write a description of the panel and the data you are displaying. Pretend you are explaining it to a new user six months from now, when it is no longer fresh in your mind. Future editors (possibly yourself) will thank you.

3. Write a query

Each panel needs at least one query to display a visualization. You write queries in the Query tab of the panel editor. For more information about the Query tab, refer to Queries.

Choose a data source. In the first line of the Query tab, click the drop-down list to see all available data sources. This list includes all data sources you added. Refer to Add a data source if you need instructions.
Write or construct a query in the query language of your data source. Options will vary. Refer to your specific data source documentation for specific guidelines.

4. Choose a visualization type

In the Visualization section of the Panel tab, click a visualization type. Grafana displays a preview of your query results with that visualization applied.

For more information about individual visualizations, refer to Visualizations.

5. Apply changes and save

Save the dashboard. Either press Ctrl/Cmd+S or click Save in the upper right corner of the screen.

Your options vary depending on the changes you made and whether or not it is a new dashboard. We recommend you add a note to describe your changes before you click Save. Notes are very helpful if you need to revert the dashboard to a previous version.

What next?

Our Grafana Fundamentals tutorial is a great place to start, or you can learn more about Grafana by reading one of the documentation topics linked below:

Learn more about panel editor options.
Add more queries.
Transform your data.
Configure how your results are displayed in the visualization.
If you made a graph panel, set up an alert.
Create templates and variables.

Apply a transformation

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Apply transformations

You can apply transformations from the Transform tab of the Grafana panel editor, which is located next to the Queries tab. See also, Debug transformations.

To apply a transformation:

Navigate to the panel where you want to add one or more transformations.
Click the panel title and then click Edit.
Click the Transform tab.
Click a transformation to select it.

A transformation row displays. You can configure the transformation options here. For more information, refer to Transformation types and options.
Click Add transformation to apply another transformation.

This next transformation acts on the result set returned by the previous transformation.

Delete a transformation

To remove a transformation that is no longer needed, click the trash can icon.

Debug transformations

To see the input and the output result sets of the transformation, click the bug icon on the right side of the transformation row Grafana displays the transformation debug view below the transformation row.

Calculations list

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List of calculations

This topic lists and defines calculations used in Grafana.

Among other places, these calculations are used in the Transform tab and the bar gauge, gauge, and stat visualizations.

Calculation	Description
All nulls	true when all values are null
All zeros	true when all values are 0
Change count	number of times the field’s value changes
Count	number of values in a field
Delta	cumulative change in value
Difference	difference between first and last value of a field
Distinct count	number of unique values in a field
First (not null)	first, not null value in a field
Max	maximum value of a field
Mean	mean value of all values in a field
Min	minimum value of a field
Min (above zero)	minimum, positive value of a field
Range	difference between maximum and minimum values of a field
Step	minimal interval between values of a field
Total	sum of all values in a field

Field options

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Field options

This page explains what field options and field overrides in Grafana are and how to use them. It also includes examples if you need an idea of how this feature might be useful in the real world.

The data model used in Grafana, the data frame, is a columnar-oriented table structure that unifies both time series and table query results. Each column within this structure is called a field. A field can represent a single time series or table column.

Field options and overrides

Field options allow you to change how the data is displayed in your visualizations. Options and overrides that you apply do not change the data, they change how Grafana displays the data.

Field options, both standard and custom, can be found in the Field tab in the panel editor. Changes on this tab apply to all fields (i.e. series/columns). For example, if you change the unit to percentage, then all fields with numeric values are displayed in percentages. Apply a field option.

Field overrides can be added in the Overrides tab in the panel editor. There you can add the same options as you find in the Field tab, but they are only applied to specific fields. Apply an override.

All field options are defined below.

Standard field options

Standard field options are:

You can apply standard field options to most of the built-in Grafana panels. Some older panels and community panels that have yet to update to the new panel and data model will be missing either all or some of these field options.

Custom field options

Some visualizations have custom field options. For example the Table visualization has many custom field options. Community panels can add their own custom field options as well, and they might differ across visualizations.

Configure all fields

To change how all fields display data, you change an option in the Field tab. In the Overrides tab you then override that for specific fields.

Navigate to the panel you want to edit, click the panel title, and then click Edit.
Click the Field tab.
Find the option you want to change.
Enter options by adding values in the fields. To return options to default values, delete the white text in the fields.
When finished, click Save to save all panel edits to the dashboard.

Configure specific fields with overrides

Overrides allow you to change the settings for one or more fields (i.e. series or column). What fields are targeted by the override depends on the matcher. Field options for overrides are exactly the same as the field options available in a particular visualization. The only difference is that you choose which fields to apply them to.

Navigate to the panel you want to edit, click the panel title, and then click Edit.
Click the Overrides tab.
Click Add override.
Select a filter option to choose which fields the override applies to.
Click Add override property.
Select the field option you want to apply.
Enter options by adding values in the fields. To return options to default values, delete the white text in the fields.
Continue to add overrides to this field by clicking Add override property, or you can click Add override and select a different field to add overrides to.
When finished, click Save to save all panel edits to the dashboard.

Select fields

This section explains the different ways you can select which fields an override rule will be applied to.

Fields with name

Allows you to select a field from the list of all available fields. Properties you add to a rule with this selector will only be applied to this single field.

Fields with name matching regex

Allows you to specify a regular expression. Properties you add to a rule with this selector will be applied to all fields where the field name match the regex.

Fields with type

Allows you to select fields by their type (string, numeric, etc). Properties you add to a rule with this selector will be applied to all fields of matching type.

Field options

This section explains all available field options. They are listed in alphabetical order.

Most field options will not affect the visualization until you click outside of the field option box you are editing or press Enter.

Decimals

Number of decimals to render value with. Leave empty for Grafana to use the number of decimals provided by the data source.

To change this setting, type a number in the field and then click outside the field or press Enter.

Data links

Lets you control the URL to which a value or visualization link.

For more information and instructions, refer to Data links.

Display name

Lets you set the display title of all fields. You can use variables in the field title.

When multiple stats, fields, or series are shown, this field controls the title in each stat. You can use expressions like ${__field.name} to use only the series name or the field name in title.

Given a field with a name of Temp, and labels of {“Loc”=“PBI”, “Sensor”=“3”}

Expression syntax	Example	Renders to	Explanation
`${__field.displayName}`	Same as syntax	`Temp {Loc="PBI", Sensor="3"}`	Displays the field name, and labels in `{}` if they are present. If there is only one label key in the response, then for the label portion, Grafana displays the value of the label without the enclosing braces.
`${__field.name}`	Same as syntax	`Temp`	Displays the name of the field (without labels).
`${__field.labels}`	Same as syntax	`Loc="PBI", Sensor="3"`	Displays the labels without the name.
`${__field.labels.X}`	`${__field.labels.Loc}`	`PBI`	Displays the value of the specified label key.
`${__field.labels.__values}`	Same as Syntax	`PBI, 3`	Displays the values of the labels separated by a comma (without label keys).

If the value is an empty string after rendering the expression for a particular field, then the default display method is used.

Max

Lets you set the maximum value used in percentage threshold calculations. Leave blank for auto calculation based on all series and fields

Min

Lets you set the minimum value used in percentage threshold calculations. Leave blank for auto calculation based on all series and fields

No value

Enter what Grafana should display if the field value is empty or null.

Unit

Lets you choose what unit a field should use. Click in the Unit field, then drill down until you find the unit you want. The unit you select is applied to all fields except time.

Custom units

You can use the unit dropdown to also specify custom units, custom prefix or suffix and date time formats.

To select a custom unit enter the unit and select the last Custom: xxx option in the dropdown.

If y u want a space -> If you want a space
suffix:<suffix> for custom unit that should go after value.
time:<format> For custom date time formats type for example time:YYYY-MM-DD. See formats for the format syntax and options.
si:<base scale><unit characters> for custom SI units. For example: si: mF. This one is a bit more advanced as you can specify both a unit and the source data scale. So if your source data is represented as milli (thousands of) something prefix the unit with that SI scale character.
count:<unit> for a custom count unit.
currency:<unit> for custom a currency unit.

You can also paste a native emoji in the unit picker and pick it as a custom unit:

String unit

Grafana can sometime be too aggressive in parsing strings and displaying them as numbers. To make Grafana show the original string create a field override and add a unit property with the string unit.

Thresholds

Thresholds allow you to change the color of a field based on the value.

For more information and instructions, refer to Thresholds.

Value mapping

Lets you set rules that translate a field value or range of values into explicit text. You can add more than one value mapping.

Mapping type - Click an option.
- Value - Enter a value. If the field value is greater than or equal to the value, then the Text is displayed.
- From and To - Enter a range. If the field value is between or equal to the values in the range, then the Text is displayed.
Text - Text that is displayed if the conditions are met in a field. This field accepts variables.

Examples

Here are some examples of how you might use this feature.

Field option example

Let’s assume that our result set is a data frame that consists of two fields: time and temperature.

time	temperature
2020-01-02 03:04:00	45.0
2020-01-02 03:05:00	47.0
2020-01-02 03:06:00	48.0

Each field(column) of this structure can have field options applied that alter the way its values are displayed. This means that you can, for example, set the Unit to Temperature > Celsius, resulting in the following table:

time	temperature
2020-01-02 03:04:00	45.0 °C
2020-01-02 03:05:00	47.0 °C
2020-01-02 03:06:00	48.0 °C

While we’re at it, the decimal place doesn’t add anything to this display. You can change the Decimals from auto to zero (0), resulting in the following table:

time	temperature
2020-01-02 03:04:00	45 °C
2020-01-02 03:05:00	47 °C
2020-01-02 03:06:00	48 °C

Field override example

Let’s assume that our result set is a data frame that consists of four fields: time, high temp, low temp, and humidity.

time	high temp	low temp	humidity
2020-01-02 03:04:00	45.0	30.0	67
2020-01-02 03:05:00	47.0	34.0	68
2020-01-02 03:06:00	48.0	31.0	68

Let’s apply the field options from the field option example to apply the Celsius unit and get rid of the decimal place. This results in the following table:

time	high temp	low temp	humidity
2020-01-02 03:04:00	45 °C	30 °C	67 °C
2020-01-02 03:05:00	47 °C	34 °C	68 °C
2020-01-02 03:06:00	48 °C	31 °C	68 °C

The temperature fields look good, but the humidity is nonsensical. We can fix this by applying a field option override to the humidity field and change the unit to Misc > percent (0-100). This results in a table that makes a lot more sense:

time	high temp	low temp	humidity
2020-01-02 03:04:00	45 °C	30 °C	67%
2020-01-02 03:05:00	47 °C	34 °C	68%
2020-01-02 03:06:00	48 °C	31 °C	68%

Inspect a panel

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Inspect a panel

Note: This documentation refers to a feature only available in Grafana 7.0+.

The panel inspector helps you understand and troubleshoot your panels. You can inspect the raw data for any Grafana panel, export that data to a comma-separated values (CSV) file, view query requests, and export panel and data JSON.

Panel inspector UI

The panel inspector displays Inspect: at the top of the pane. Click the arrow in the upper right corner to expand or reduce the pane.

The panel inspector consists of four tabs:

Data tab - Shows the raw data returned by the query with transformations applied. Field options such as overrides and value mappings are not applied by default.
Stats tab - Shows how long your query takes and how much it returns.
JSON tab - Allows you to view and copy the panel JSON, panel data JSON, and data frame structure JSON. This is useful if you are provisioning or administering Grafana.
Query tab - Shows you the requests to the server sent when Grafana queries the data source.

Note: Not all panel types include all four tabs. For example, dashboard list panels do not have raw data to inspect, so they do not display the Stats, Data, or Query tabs.

Panel inspector tasks

Tasks you can perform in the panel inspector are described below.

Open the panel inspector

You can inspect any panel that you can view.

In Grafana, navigate to the dashboard that contains the panel you want to inspect.
Click the title of the panel you want to inspect and then click Inspect. Or Hover your cursor over the panel title and then press i.

The panel inspector pane opens on the right side of the screen.

Inspect raw query results

View raw query results in a table. This is the data returned by the query with transformations applied and before the panel applies field options or field option overrides.

Open the panel inspector and then click the Data tab or in the panel menu click Inspect > Data.
If your panel contains multiple queries or queries multiple nodes, then you have additional options.

Select result - Choose which result set data you want to view.
Transform data
- Join by time - View raw data from all your queries at once, one result set per column. Click a column heading to reorder the data.
View raw query results in a table with field options and options overrides applied:
1. Open the Data tab in panel inspector.
2. Click on Data display options above the table.
3. Click on Apply field configuration toggle button.

Download raw query results as CSV

Grafana generates a CSV file in your default browser download location. You can open it in the viewer of your choice.

Open the panel inspector.
Inspect the raw query results as described above. Adjust settings until you see the raw data that you want to export.
Click Download CSV.

Inspect query performance

The Stats tab displays statistics that tell you how long your query takes, how many queries you send, and the number of rows returned. This information can help you troubleshoot your queries, especially if any of the numbers are unexpectedly high or low.

Open the panel inspector.
Navigate to the Stats tab.

Statistics are displayed in read-only format.

View panel JSON model

Explore and export panel, panel data, and data frame JSON models.

Open the panel inspector and then click the JSON tab or in the panel menu click Inspect > Panel JSON.
In Select source, choose one of the following options:
- Panel JSON - Displays a JSON object representing the panel.
- Panel data - Displays a JSON object representing the data that was passed to the panel.
- DataFrame structure - Displays the raw result set with transformations, field configuration, and overrides configuration applied.
You can expand or collapse portions of the JSON to explore it, or you can click Copy to clipboard and paste the JSON in another application.

View raw request and response to data source

Open the panel inspector and then click the Query tab or in the panel menu click Inspect > Query.
Click Refresh.

Grafana sends a query to the server to collect information and then displays the result. You can now drill down on specific portions of the query, expand or collapse all of it, or copy the data to the clipboard to use in other applications.

Panel editor

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Panel editor

This page describes the parts of the Grafana panel editor and links to where you can find more information.

Open the Panel editor

There are several ways to access the panel editor, also called the Edit Panel screen, edit mode, or panel edit mode:

Click the Add panel icon at the top of the screen and then click Add new panel. The new panel opens in the panel editor. For detailed instructions on how to add a panel, refer to Add a panel
Click the title of an existing panel and then click Edit. The panel opens in edit mode.
Click anywhere on an existing panel and then press e on your keyboard. The panel opens in edit mode.

Resize panel editor sections

Drag to resize sections of the panel editor. If the side pane becomes too narrow, then the Panel, Field, and Overrides tabs change to a dropdown list.

Parts of the panel editor

This section describes the parts of the panel editor screen and a bit about fields, options, or tasks associated with each part. Some sections in this page link to pages where sections or tasks are documented more fully.

The header section lists the name of the dashboard that the panel is in and some dashboard commands. You can also click the Go back arrow to return to the dashboard.

On the right side of the header are the following options:

Dashboard settings (gear) icon - Click to access the dashboard settings.
Discard - Discards all changes you have made to the panel since you last saved the dashboard.
Save - Saves the dashboard, including all changes you have made in the panel editor.
Apply - Applies changes you made and then closes the panel editor, returning you to the dashboard. You will have to save the dashboard to persist the applied changes.

Visualization preview

The visualization preview section contains viewing options, time range controls, the visualization preview, and (if applicable) the panel title, axes, and legend.

Fill - The visualization preview will fill the available space in the preview part. If you change the width of the side pane or height of the bottom pane the visualisation will adapt to fill whatever space is available.
Fit - The visualization preview will fill the available space in but preserve the aspect ratio of the panel.
Exact - The visualization preview will have the exact size as the size on the dashboard. If not enough space is available, the visualization will scale down preserving the aspect ratio.
Time range controls - For more information, refer to Time range controls.

Data section (bottom pane)

The section contains tabs where you enter queries, transform your data, and create alert rules (if applicable).

Query tab - Select your data source and enter queries here. For more information, refer to Queries.
Transform tab - Apply data transformations. For more information, refer to Transformations.
Alert tab - Write alert rules. For more information, refer to Create alerts.

Panel and field options (side pane)

The section contains tabs where you control almost every aspect of how your data is visualized. Not all tabs are available for each visualization.

Features in these tabs are documented in the following topics:

Add a panel describes basic panel settings.
Visualizations display options vary widely. They are described in the individual visualization topic.
Field options and overrides allow you to control almost every aspect of your visualization, including units, value mappings, and Thresholds.
Panel links and Data links help you connect your visualization to other resources.

Panels

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Panel overview

The panel is the basic visualization building block in Grafana. Each panel has a query editor specific to the data source selected in the panel. The query editor allows you to extract the perfect visualization to display on the panel.

With the exception of a few special use panels, a panel is a visual representation of one or more queries. The queries display data over time. This can range from temperature fluctuations to current server status to a list of logs or alerts.

In order to display data, you need to have at least one data source added to Grafana. Refer to Add a data source for instructions, or see our Getting started guide if you want to make your first dashboard and panel using our TestData DB data source.

There are a wide variety of styling and formatting options for each panel. Panels can be dragged and dropped and rearranged on the dashboard. They can also be resized.

Move or resize panels

You can drag and drop panels by clicking and holding the panel title, then dragging it to its new location. You can also easily resize panels by clicking the (-) and (+) icons.

Tips and shortcuts

Click the graph title and in the dropdown menu quickly duplicate the panel.
Click the colored icon in the legend to change a series color or the y-axis.
Click series name in the legend to hide series.
Ctrl/Shift/Meta + click legend name to hide other series.
Hover your cursor over a panel and press e to open the panel editor.
Hover your cursor over a panel and press v to open the panel in fullscreen view.

Prerequisites

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Prerequisites

Before you can configure and apply transformations:

You must have entered a query and returned data from a data source. For more information on queries, refer to Queries.
You must have applied a visualization that supports queries. Examples are:
- Bar gauge
- Gauge
- Graph
- Heatmap
- Logs
- Stat
- Table

Queries

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Queries

Queries are how Grafana panels communicate with data sources to get data for the visualization. A query is a question written in the query language used by the data source. Grafana asks, “Hey data source, would you send me this data, organized this way?” If the query is properly formed, then the data source responds. How often the query is sent to the data source and how many data points are collected can be adjusted in the panel data source options.

Grafana supports up to 26 queries per panel.

Query editors

Query editors are forms that help you write queries. Depending on your data source, the query editor might provide auto-completion, metric names, or variable suggestion.

Because of the difference between query languages, data sources may have query editors that look different. Here are two examples of query editors:

InfluxDB query editor

Prometheus (PromQL) query editor

Query syntax

Data sources have different query languages and syntaxes to ask for the data. Here are two query examples:

PostgreSQL

SELECT hostname FROM host  WHERE region IN($region)

PromQL

query_result(max_over_time(<metric>[${__range_s}s]) != <state>)

For more information about writing a query for your data source, refer to the specific Grafana data source documentation.

Query tab UI

The Query tab consists of the following elements:

Data source selector
Query options
Query inspector button
Query editor list

Data source selector

The data source selector is a drop-down list. Click it to select a data source you have added. When you create a panel, Grafana automatically selects your default data source. For more information about adding data sources, refer to Add a data source.

In addition to the data sources that you have configured in your Grafana, there are three special data sources available:

Grafana - A built-in data source that generates random walk data. Useful for testing visualizations and running experiments.
Mixed - Select this to query multiple data sources in the same panel. When this data source is selected, Grafana allows you to select a data source for every new query that you add.
- The first query will use the data source that was selected before you selected Mixed.
- You cannot change an existing query to use the Mixed Data Source.
Dashboard - Select this to use a result set from another panel in the same dashboard.

Query options

Click Query options next to the data source selector to see settings for your selected data source. Changes you make here affect only queries made in this panel.

Grafana sets defaults that are shown in dark gray text. Changes are displayed in white text. To return a field to the default setting, delete the white text from the field.

Panel data source query options:

Max data points - If the data source supports it, sets the maximum numbers of data points for each series returned. If the query returns more data points than the max data points setting, then the data source consolidates them (reduces the number of points returned by aggregating them together by average or max or other function).

There are two main reasons for limiting the number of points, performance and smoothing the line. The default value is the width (or number of pixels) of the graph as there is no point in having more data points than the graph panel can display.

With streaming data, the max data points value is used for the rolling buffer. (Streaming is a continuous flow of data and buffering is a way of dividing the stream into chunks). Loki streams data in the live tailing mode.
Min interval - Sets a minimum limit for the automatically calculated interval, typically the minimum scrape interval. If a data point is saved every 15 seconds, then there’s no point in having an interval lower than that. Another use case is to set it to a higher minimum than the scrape interval to get more coarse-grained, well-functioning queries.
Interval - The interval is a time span that you can use when aggregating or grouping data points by time.

Grafana automatically calculates an appropriate interval and it can be used as a variable in templated queries. The variable is either in seconds: $__interval or in milliseconds: $__interval_ms. It is typically used in aggregation functions like sum or average. For example, a Prometheus query using the interval variable: rate(http_requests_total[$__interval]).

This automatic interval is calculated based on the width of the graph. If the user zooms out a lot then the interval becomes greater, resulting in a more coarse grained aggregation whereas if the user zooms in then the interval decreases resulting in a more fine grained aggregation.

For more information, refer to Global variables.
Relative time - You can override the relative time range for individual panels, causing them to be different than what is selected in the dashboard time picker in the top right corner of the dashboard. This allows you to show metrics from different time periods or days on the same dashboard.
Time shift - The time shift function is another way to override the time range for individual panels. It only works with relative time ranges and allows you to adjust the time range.

For example, you could shift the time range for the panel to be two hours earlier than the dashboard time picker. For more information, refer to Time range controls.
Cache timeout - (This field is only visible if available in your data source.) If your time series store has a query cache, then this option can override the default cache timeout. Specified as a numeric value in seconds.

Query inspector button

You can click Query inspector to open the Query tab of the panel inspector where you can see the query request sent by the panel and the response.

Click Refresh to see the full text of the request sent by this panel to the server.

Note: You need to add at least one query before the Query inspector can return results.

For more information about the panel inspector, refer to Inspect a panel.

Query editor list

In the UI, queries are organized in collapsible query rows. Each query row contains a query editor and is identified with a letter (A, B, C, and so on).

You can:

Icon	Description
	Change the order of queries by moving them up or down. The order of results reflects the order of the queries, so you can often adjust your visual results based on query order.
	Copy a query. Duplicating queries is useful when working with multiple complex queries that are similar and you want to either experiment with different variants or do minor alterations.
	Hide a query. Grafana does not send hidden queries to the data source.
	Remove a query. Removing a query permanently deletes it, but sometimes you can recover deleted queries by reverting to previously saved versions of the panel.

Thresholds

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Thresholds

Thresholds set the color of either the value text or the background depending on conditions that you define.

You can define thresholds one of two ways:

Absolute thresholds are defined based on a number. For example, 80 on a scale of 1 to 150.
Percentage thresholds are defined relative to minimum or maximum. For example, 80 percent.

You can apply thresholds to the following visualizations:

Default thresholds

On visualizations that support it, Grafana sets default threshold values of:

80 = red
Base = green
Mode = Absolute

The Base value represents minus infinity. It is generally the “good” color.

Add a threshold

You can add as many thresholds to a panel as you want. Grafana automatically sorts thresholds from highest value to lowest.

Note: These instructions apply only to the Stat, Gauge, Bar gauge, and Table visualizations.

Navigate to the panel you want to add a threshold to.
Click the Field tab.
Click Add threshold.
Grafana adds a threshold with suggested numerical and color values.
Accept the recommendations or edit the new threshold.
- Edit color: Click the color dot you wish to change and then select a new color.
- Edit number: Click the number you wish to change and then enter a new number.
- Thresholds mode - Click the mode to change it for all thresholds on this panel.
Click Save to save the changes in the dashboard.

Add a threshold to a Graph panel

In the Graph panel visualization, thresholds allow you to add arbitrary lines or sections to the graph to make it easier to see when the graph crosses a particular threshold.

Navigate to the graph panel you want to add a threshold to.
On the Panel tab, click Thresholds.
Click Add threshold.
Fill in as many fields as you want. Only the T1 fields are required.
- T1 - Both values are required to display a threshold.
  - lt or gt - Select lt for less than or gt for greater than to indicate what the threshold applies to.
  - Value - Enter a threshold value. Grafana draws a threshold line along the Y-axis at that value.
- Color - Choose a condition that corresponds to a color, or define your own color.
  - custom - You define the fill color and line color.
  - critical - Fill and line color are red.
  - warning - Fill and line color are yellow.
  - ok - Fill and line color are green.
- Fill - Controls whether the threshold fill is displayed.
- Line - Controls whether the threshold line is displayed.
- Y-Axis - Choose left or right.
Click Save to save the changes in the dashboard.

Delete a threshold

Navigate to the panel you want to add a threshold to.
Click the Field tab. (Or Panel tab for a graph panel.)
Click the trash can icon next to the threshold you want to remove.
Click Save to save the changes in the dashboard.

Transformation types and options

Tue, 14 Apr 2026 00:59:35 +0000

Transformation types and options

Grafana comes with the following transformations:

Keep reading for detailed descriptions of each type of transformation and the options available for each, as well as suggestions on how to use them.

Reduce

Apply a Reduce transformation when you want to simplify your results down to one value. Reduce removes the time component. If visualized as a table, it reduces a column down to one row (value).

In the Calculations field, enter one or more calculation types. Click to see a list of calculation choices. For information about available calculations, refer to the Calculation list.

Once you select at least one calculation, Grafana reduces the results down to one value using the calculation you select. If you select more than one calculation, then more than one value is displayed.

Here’s an example of a table with time series data. Before I apply the transformation, you can see all the data organized by time.

After I apply the transformation, there is no time value and each column has been reduced to one row showing the results of the calculations that I chose.

Merge

Note: This transformation is only available in Grafana 7.1+.

Use this transformation to combine the result from multiple queries into one single result. This is helpful when using the table panel visualization. Values that can be merged are combined into the same row. Values are mergeable if the shared fields contains the same data. For information, refer to Table panel.

In the example below, we have two queries returning table data. It is visualized as two separate tables before applying the transformation.

Query A:

Time	Job	Uptime
2020-07-07 11:34:20	node	25260122
2020-07-07 11:24:20	postgre	123001233

Query B:

Time	Job	Errors
2020-07-07 11:34:20	node	15
2020-07-07 11:24:20	postgre	5

Here is the result after applying the Merge transformation.

Time	Job	Errors	Uptime
2020-07-07 11:34:20	node	15	25260122
2020-07-07 11:24:20	postgre	5	123001233

Filter by name

Use this transformation to remove portions of the query results.

Grafana displays the Identifier field, followed by the fields returned by your query.

You can apply filters in one of two ways:

Enter a regex expression.
Click a field to toggle filtering on that field. Filtered fields are displayed with dark gray text, unfiltered fields have white text.

In the example below, I removed the Min field from the results.

Here is the original query table. (This is streaming data, so numbers change over time and between screenshots.)

Here is the table after I applied the transformation to remove the Min field.

Here is the same query using a Stat visualization.

Filter data by query

Use this transformation in panels that have multiple queries, if you want to hide one or more of the queries.

Grafana displays the query identification letters in dark gray text. Click a query identifier to toggle filtering. If the query letter is white, then the results are displayed. If the query letter is dark, then the results are hidden.

In the example below, the panel has three queries (A, B, C). I removed the B query from the visualization.

Organize fields

Use this transformation to rename, reorder, or hide fields returned by the query.

Note: This transformation only works in panels with a single query. If your panel has multiple queries, then you must either apply an Outer join transformation or remove the extra queries.

Grafana displays a list of fields returned by the query. You can:

Change field order by hovering your cursor over a field. The cursor turns into a hand and then you can drag the field to its new place.
Hide or show a field by clicking the eye icon next to the field name.
Rename fields by typing a new name in the Rename box.

In the example below, I hid the value field and renamed Max and Min.

Join by field (outer join)

Use this transformation to join multiple time series from a result set by field.

This transformation is especially useful if you want to combine queries so that you can calculate results from the fields.

In the example below, I have a template query displaying time series data from multiple servers in a table visualization. I can only view the results of one query at a time.

I applied a transformation to join the query results using the time field. Now I can run calculations, combine, and organize the results in this new table.

Add field from calculation

Use this transformation to add a new field calculated from two other fields. Each transformation allows you to add one new field.

Mode - Select a mode:
- Reduce row - Apply selected calculation on each row of selected fields independently.
- Binary option - Apply basic math operation(sum, multiply, etc) on values in a single row from two selected fields.
Field name - Select the names of fields you want to use in the calculation for the new field.
Calculation - Select a calculation to use when Grafana creates the new field. Click in the field to see a list of calculation choices. For information about available calculations, refer to the Calculation list.
Alias - (Optional) Enter the name of your new field. If you leave this blank, then the field will be named to match the calculation.
Replace all fields - (Optional) Select this option if you want to hide all other fields and display only your calculated field in the visualization.

In the example below, I added two fields together and named them Sum.

Labels to fields

Note: In order to apply this transformation, your query needs to returns labeled fields.

When you select this transformation, Grafana automatically transforms all labeled data into fields.

Example: Given a query result of two time series

1: labels Server=Server A, Datacenter=EU 2: labels Server=Server B, Datacenter=EU

This would result in a table like this:

Time	Server	Datacenter	Value
2020-07-07 11:34:20	Server A	EU	1
2020-07-07 11:34:20	Server B	EU	2

Value field name

If you selected Server as the Value field name, then you would get one field for every value of the Server label.

Time	Datacenter	Server A	Server B
2020-07-07 11:34:20	EU	1	2

For this example, I manually defined labels in the Random Walk visualization of TestData DB.

After I apply the transformation, my labels appear in the table as fields.

Group by

Note: This transformation is only available in Grafana 7.2+.

This transformation groups the data by a specified field (column) value and processes calculations on each group. Click to see a list of calculation choices. For information about available calculations, refer to the List of calculations.

Here’s an example of original data.

Time	Server ID	CPU Temperature	Server Status
2020-07-07 11:34:20	server 1	80	Shutdown
2020-07-07 11:34:20	server 3	62	OK
2020-07-07 10:32:20	server 2	90	Overload
2020-07-07 10:31:22	server 3	55	OK
2020-07-07 09:30:57	server 3	62	Rebooting
2020-07-07 09:30:05	server 2	88	OK
2020-07-07 09:28:06	server 1	80	OK
2020-07-07 09:25:05	server 2	88	OK
2020-07-07 09:23:07	server 1	86	OK

This transformation goes in two steps. First you specify one or multiple fields to group the data by. This will group all the same values of those fields together, as if you sorted them. For instance if we group by the Server ID field, then it would group the data this way:

Time	Server ID	CPU Temperature	Server Status
2020-07-07 11:34:20	server 1	80	Shutdown
2020-07-07 09:28:06	server 1	80	OK
2020-07-07 09:23:07	server 1	86	OK

| | 2020-07-07 10:32:20 | server 2 | 90 | Overload | 2020-07-07 09:30:05 | server 2 | 88 | OK | 2020-07-07 09:25:05 | server 2 | 88 | OK | | 2020-07-07 11:34:20 | server 3 | 62 | OK | 2020-07-07 10:31:22 | server 3 | 55 | OK | 2020-07-07 09:30:57 | server 3 | 62 | Rebooting

All rows with the same value of Server ID are grouped together.

After choosing which field you want to group your data by, you can add various calculations on the other fields, and apply the calculation to each group of rows. For instance, we could want to calculate the average CPU temperature for each of those servers. So we can add the mean calculation applied on the CPU Temperature field to get the following:

Server ID	CPU Temperature (mean)
server 1	82
server 2	88.6
server 3	59.6

And we can add more than one calculation. For instance:

For field Time, we can calculate the Last value, to know when the last data point was received for each server
For field Server Status, we can calculate the Last value to know what is the last state value for each server
For field Temperature, we can also calculate the Last value to know what is the latest monitored temperature for each server

We would then get :

Server ID	CPU Temperature (mean)	CPU Temperature (last)	Time (last)	Server Status (last)
server 1	82	80	2020-07-07 11:34:20	Shutdown
server 2	88.6	90	2020-07-07 10:32:20	Overload
server 3	59.6	62	2020-07-07 11:34:20	OK

This transformation allows you to extract some key information out of your time series and display them in a convenient way.

Series to rows

Note: This transformation is only available in Grafana 7.1+.

Use this transformation to combine the result from multiple time series data queries into one single result. This is helpful when using the table panel visualization.

The result from this transformation will contain three columns: Time, Metric, and Value. The Metric column is added so you easily can see from which query the metric originates from. Customize this value by defining Label on the source query.

In the example below, we have two queries returning time series data. It is visualized as two separate tables before applying the transformation.

Query A:

Time	Temperature
2020-07-07 11:34:20	25
2020-07-07 10:31:22	22
2020-07-07 09:30:05	19

Query B:

Time	Humidity
2020-07-07 11:34:20	24
2020-07-07 10:32:20	29
2020-07-07 09:30:57	33

Here is the result after applying the Series to rows transformation.

Time	Metric	Value
2020-07-07 11:34:20	Temperature	25
2020-07-07 11:34:20	Humidity	22
2020-07-07 10:32:20	Humidity	29
2020-07-07 10:31:22	Temperature	22
2020-07-07 09:30:57	Humidity	33
2020-07-07 09:30:05	Temperature	19

Transformations

Tue, 14 Apr 2026 00:59:35 +0000

Transformations

This page explains what transformations in Grafana are and how to use them.

Note: This documentation refers to a Grafana 7.0 feature. This documentation will be frequently updated to reflect updates to the feature, and it will probably be broken into smaller sections when the feature moves out of beta.

Transformations process the result set before it’s passed to the visualization. You access transformations in the Transform tab of the Grafana panel editor.

Transformations allow you to rename fields, join separate time series together, do math across queries, and more. For users, with large dashboards or with heavy queries, being able to reuse the query result from one panel in another panel can be a huge performance gain.

Note: Transformations sometimes result in data that cannot be graphed. When that happens, Grafana displays a suggestion on the visualization that you can click to switch to table visualization. This often helps you better understand what the transformation is doing to your data.

Transformation execution order

Grafana applies transformations in the sequence that they are listed on the screen. Every transformation creates a new result set that is passed to the next transformation in the pipeline.

The order can make a huge difference in how your results look. For example, if you use a Reduce transformation to condense all the results of one column to a single value, then you can only apply transformations to that single value.

Prerequisites

Before you apply transformations, all of the following must be true:

You have entered a query and returned data from a data source. For more information about queries, refer to Queries.
You have applied a visualization that supports queries, such as:
- Bar gauge
- Gauge
- Graph
- Heatmap
- Logs
- Stat
- Table

Apply a transformation

Transformations are available from the Transform tab in the bottom pane of the panel editor, next to the Queries tab.

Navigate to the panel that you want to add transformations, click the panel title and then click Edit.
Click the Transform tab.
Click a transformation to select it.

A transformation row appears that allows you to configure the transformation options.

Click Add transformation to apply another transformation. Keep in mind that the next transformation acts on the result set returned by the previous transformation.

If you have trouble, click the bug icon to debug your transformations.

Click the trash can icon to remove a transformation.

Transformation types and options

Grafana comes with the following transformations:

Transformations

Keep reading for detailed descriptions of each type of transformation and the options available for each, as well as suggestions on how to use them.

Reduce

Apply a Reduce transformation when you want to simplify your results down to one value. Reduce basically removes time component. If visualized as a table, it reduces a column down to one row (value).

In the Calculations field, enter one or more calculation types. Click to see a list of calculation choices. For information about available calculations, refer to the Calculation list.

Here’s an example of a table with time series data. Before I apply the transformation, you can see all the data organized by time.

After I apply the transformation, there is no time value and each column has been reduced to one row showing the results of the calculations that I chose.

Merge

Note: This transformation is only available in Grafana 7.1+.

In the example below, we have two queries returning table data. It is visualized as two separate tables before applying the transformation.

Query A:

Time	Job	Uptime
2020-07-07 11:34:20	node	25260122
2020-07-07 11:24:20	postgre	123001233

Query B:

Time	Job	Errors
2020-07-07 11:34:20	node	15
2020-07-07 11:24:20	postgre	5

Here is the result after applying the Merge transformation.

Time	Job	Errors	Uptime
2020-07-07 11:34:20	node	15	25260122
2020-07-07 11:24:20	postgre	5	123001233

Filter by name

Use this transformation to remove portions of the query results.

Grafana displays the Identifier field, followed by the fields returned by your query.

You can apply filters in one of two ways:

Enter a regex expression.
Click a field to toggle filtering on that field. Filtered fields are displayed with dark gray text, unfiltered fields have white text.

In the example below, I removed the Min field from the results.

Here is the original query table. (This is streaming data, so numbers change over time and between screenshots.)

Here is the table after I applied the transformation to remove the Min field.

Here is the same query using a Stat visualization.

Filter data by query

Use this transformation in panels that have multiple queries, if you want to hide one or more of the queries.

In the example below, the panel has three queries (A, B, C). I removed the B query from the visualization.

Organize fields

Use this transformation to rename, reorder, or hide fields returned by the query.

Note: This transformation only works in panels with a single query. If your panel has multiple queries, then you must either apply an Outer join transformation or remove the extra queries.

Grafana displays a list of fields returned by the query. You can:

Change field order by hovering your cursor over a field. The cursor turns into a hand and then you can drag the field to its new place.
Hide or show a field by clicking the eye icon next to the field name.
Rename fields by typing a new name in the Rename box.

In the example below, I hid the value field and renamed Max and Min.

Join by field (outer join)

Use this transformation to join multiple time series from a result set by field.

This transformation is especially useful if you want to combine queries so that you can calculate results from the fields.

In the example below, I have a template query displaying time series data from multiple servers in a table visualization. I can only view the results of one query at a time.

I applied a transformation to join the query results using the time field. Now I can run calculations, combine, and organize the results in this new table.

Add field from calculation

Use this transformation to add a new field calculated from two other fields. Each transformation allows you to add one new field.

Mode - Select a mode:
- Reduce row - Apply selected calculation on each row of selected fields independently.
- Binary option - Apply basic math operation(sum, multiply, etc) on values in a single row from two selected fields.
Field name - Select the names of fields you want to use in the calculation for the new field.
Calculation - Select a calculation to use when Grafana creates the new field. Click in the field to see a list of calculation choices. For information about available calculations, refer to the Calculation list.
Alias - (Optional) Enter the name of your new field. If you leave this blank, then the field will be named to match the calculation.
Replace all fields - (Optional) Select this option if you want to hide all other fields and display only your calculated field in the visualization.

In the example below, I added two fields together and named them Sum.

Labels to fields

Note: In order to apply this transformation, your query needs to returns labeled fields.

When you select this transformation, Grafana automatically transforms all labeled data into fields.

Example: Given a query result of two time series

1: labels Server=Server A, Datacenter=EU 2: labels Server=Server B, Datacenter=EU

This would result in a table like this

Time	Server	Datacenter	Value
2020-07-07 11:34:20	Server A	EU	1
2020-07-07 11:34:20	Server B	EU	2

Value field name If you where to select Server as in the Value field name you would get one field for every value of the Server label.

Time	Datacenter	Server A	Server B
2020-07-07 11:34:20	EU	1	2

For this example, I manually defined labels in the Random Walk visualization of TestData DB.

After I apply the transformation, my labels appear in the table as fields.

Group By

Note: This transformation is only available in Grafana 7.2+.

This transformation groups the data by a specified field (column) value and processes calculations on each group. The available calculations are the same as the Reduce transformation.

Here’s an example of original data.

Time	Server ID	CPU Temperature	Server Status
2020-07-07 11:34:20	server 1	80	Shutdown
2020-07-07 11:34:20	server 3	62	OK
2020-07-07 10:32:20	server 2	90	Overload
2020-07-07 10:31:22	server 3	55	OK
2020-07-07 09:30:57	server 3	62	Rebooting
2020-07-07 09:30:05	server 2	88	OK
2020-07-07 09:28:06	server 1	80	OK
2020-07-07 09:25:05	server 2	88	OK
2020-07-07 09:23:07	server 1	86	OK

This transformation goes in two steps. First you specify one or multiple fields to group the data by. This will group all the same values of those fields together, as if you sorted them. For instance if we Group By the Server ID field, it would group the data this way:

Time	Server ID	CPU Temperature	Server Status
2020-07-07 11:34:20	server 1	80	Shutdown
2020-07-07 09:28:06	server 1	80	OK
2020-07-07 09:23:07	server 1	86	OK

All rows with the same value of Server ID are grouped together.

After choosing which field you want to group your data by, you can add various calculations on the other fields, and the calculation will be applied on each group of rows. For instance, we could want to calculate the average CPU temperature for each of those servers. So we can add the mean calculation applied on the CPU Temperature field to get the following:

Server ID	CPU Temperature (mean)
server 1	82
server 2	88.6
server 3	59.6

And we can add more than one of those calculation. For instance :

For field Time, we can calculate the Last value, to know when the last data point was received for each server
For field Server Status, we can calculate the Last value to know what is the last state value for each server
For field Temperature, we can also calculate the Last value to know what is the latest monitored temperature for each server

We would then get :

Server ID	CPU Temperature (mean)	CPU Temperature (last)	Time (last)	Server Status (last)
server 1	82	80	2020-07-07 11:34:20	Shutdown
server 2	88.6	90	2020-07-07 10:32:20	Overload
server 3	59.6	62	2020-07-07 11:34:20	OK

This transformation allows you to extract some key information out of your time series and display them in a convenient way.

Series to rows

Note: This transformation is only available in Grafana 7.1+.

Use this transformation to combine the result from multiple time series data queries into one single result. This is helpful when using the table panel visualization.

The result from this transformation will contain three columns: Time, Metric, and Value. The Metric column is added so you easily can see from which query the metric originates from. Customize this value by defining Label on the source query.

In the example below, we have two queries returning time series data. It is visualized as two separate tables before applying the transformation.

Query A:

Time	Temperature
2020-07-07 11:34:20	25
2020-07-07 10:31:22	22
2020-07-07 09:30:05	19

Query B:

Time	Humidity
2020-07-07 11:34:20	24
2020-07-07 10:32:20	29
2020-07-07 09:30:57	33

Here is the result after applying the Series to rows transformation.

Time	Metric	Value
2020-07-07 11:34:20	Temperature	25
2020-07-07 11:34:20	Humidity	22
2020-07-07 10:32:20	Humidity	29
2020-07-07 10:31:22	Temperature	22
2020-07-07 09:30:57	Humidity	33
2020-07-07 09:30:05	Temperature	19

Debug transformations

To see the input and the output result sets of the transformation, click the bug icon on the right side of the transformation row.

Grafana displays the transformation debug view below the transformation row.

Visualizations

Tue, 14 Apr 2026 00:59:35 +0000

Visualizations

Grafana offers a variety of visualizations to suit different use cases. This section of the documentation lists the different visualizations available in Grafana and their unique display settings.

The default options and their unique display options are described in the pages in this section.

You can add more panel types with plugins.

Panels on Grafana Labs

Add a panel

Add a panel

1. Add a panel to a dashboard

2. Edit panel settings

3. Write a query

4. Choose a visualization type

5. Apply changes and save

What next?

Apply a transformation

Apply transformations

Delete a transformation

Debug transformations

Calculations list

List of calculations

Field options

Field options

Field options and overrides

Standard field options

Custom field options

Configure all fields

Configure specific fields with overrides

Select fields

Fields with name

Fields with name matching regex

Fields with type

Field options

Decimals

Data links

Display name

Max

Min

No value

Unit

Custom units

String unit

Thresholds

Value mapping

Examples

Field option example

Field override example

Inspect a panel

Inspect a panel

Panel inspector UI

Panel inspector tasks

Open the panel inspector

Inspect raw query results

Download raw query results as CSV

Inspect query performance

View panel JSON model

View raw request and response to data source

Panel editor

Panel editor

Open the Panel editor

Resize panel editor sections

Parts of the panel editor

Header

Visualization preview

Data section (bottom pane)

Panel and field options (side pane)

Panels

Panel overview

Move or resize panels

Tips and shortcuts

Prerequisites

Prerequisites

Queries

Queries

Query editors

Query syntax

Query tab UI

Data source selector

Query options

Query inspector button

Query editor list

Thresholds

Thresholds

Default thresholds

Add a threshold

Add a threshold to a Graph panel